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Overview

2/3 of China is a selenium-deficient region

(from Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences)

Selenium Forms & Absorption

In livestock production, selenium additives mainly includeInorganic selenium (sodium selenite, sodium selenate), organic selenium (yeast selenium, selenomethionine), nano selenium.

Inorganic selenium has high toxicity and low utilization rate. Compared with inorganic selenium, organic selenium has higher absorption and utilization value and less acute toxicity, and is considered to be a better selenium product. At present, organic selenium has gradually replaced inorganic selenium to be popularized.

With the further study of selenium additives,Nano-selenium due to itsHigh bioavailability and low toxicitycaused widespread concern in the livestock industry. Compared with sodium selenite, selenomethionine and other selenium supplement products, nano-selenium not only has better absorption efficiency but also has a strong advantage of low toxicity and high efficiency.(Xu et al., 2003;Zhang et al., 2005, 2008 ;Wang et al., 2007).

Inorganic selenium in the body is achieved throughpassive absorptionThe way is absorbed by the intestine, such as sodium selenite is absorbed in a simple diffusion form, and sodium selenate is absorbed in a co-transport manner. Inorganic selenium into the animal after the intestinal tract, onlySmall amounts of selenium involved in binding to form selenoproteinsBy the body to use, most of the selenium into the kidney by metabolism, low utilization rate.

While selenomethionine is similar to the amino acid transport mechanism, it isactive absorptionof(Combs et al.). Therefore, selenomethionine has a higher absorption availability than sodium selenite.

Nanoselenium is a zero-valent organic selenium with protein as the core, red elemental selenium as the membrane, and protein as the dispersant.

High-quality nano-selenium hasthermal stability, It is not easy to convert into gray or black element selenium, it is easily soluble in water, and its absorption rate and activity are high.Studies by Zhang et al. have shown that the size of nanoparticles has an important influence on the biological function of nano-selenium, and nano-selenium with smaller particle size has higher biological activity.

nano-selenium

There are two main ways for animals to absorb nano-selenium, one isActive Transshipmentmechanism way through the intestinal wall into the body, the other ispassive diffusionways to be absorbed.The number of surface atoms and the number of dangling bonds and unsaturated bonds of nanoparticles are more, so that they haveHigher surface activity, its physical adsorption and chemical adsorption capacity is much greater than the bulk material, which is easy to be directly absorbed by the animal gastrointestinal tract.(Chen Hui et al., 2005).

The results show that the effect of adding nano selenium on the selenium content in the tissue is more obvious than that of adding sodium selenite, and it also has an increasing trend compared with organic selenium (Shi Liguang et al., 2009).

Factors affecting the absorption of selenium in the body

Vitamin E has a synergistic effect with selenium. Vitamin E can reduce the body's consumption of selenium. Adequate vitamin E can improve the body's ability to use selenium, selenium accumulation in the liver can be doubled.

There is sufficient iron, can improve the utilization of selenium. Patients with iron deficiency anemia may also have reduced activity of glutathione peroxidase (a type of selenoprotein). In this case, iron should be supplemented at the same time as selenium, so that the activity of glutathione peroxidase can be restored to normal level in time.

Low levels of sulfur amino acids in the diet directly affect the synthesis of glutathione. Glutathione is the basic reactant of selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase, and its insufficient content will directly affect the ability to remove peroxides. Therefore, protein intake is less, and the content of amino acids and selenium in the body is lower.

Studies have shown that rumen microorganisms convert selenium into insoluble selenium, and then the intestinal absorption of selenium is lower than that of monogastric animals.

Different forms of selenium are absorbed by the body through different ways, and their absorption efficiency is different.Compared with inorganic selenium, organic selenium has higher bioavailability.

Due to the particle size of nano-seleniumThe surface area increases, and the adhesion to the biofilm increases,It is beneficial to increase the contact area between nano-selenium and the intestinal wall and prolong the contacttime, thus facilitating the absorption of the animal's gastrointestinal tract and improving biologicaluse rate to maximize its function. Studies have shown that the absorption rate of nano-selenium is significantly better than that of inorganic selenium.

Application of Nano-Selenium in Animal Production

In poultry production, selenium supplementation is mainly used to increase tissue selenium deposition, improve growth and reproductive performance, enhance antioxidant, immune function, and improve meat quality. Selenium deficiency can lead to decreased immunity in poultry, and even lead to muscular dystrophy and exudative diathesis in severe cases.

When the selenium content in the diet is less than 0.1 mg/kg, pigs will have selenium deficiency such as liver necrosis, white myopathy, mulberry heart disease, circulatory disorder and swelling disease; selenium poisoning will occur when the content exceeds 7.5 mg/kg.

Nano-selenium can promote the growth of piglets, improve the antioxidant capacity of the body, enhance the immunity of the body, improve the quality of pork, improve the quality of boar semen, sow reproductive performance and so on.

Nano-selenium can improveruminantsproduction performance, antioxidant and immune capacity, improve milk quality and tissue selenium deposition, to improve the reproductive performance of ruminants.

InAquacultureOn the other hand, nano-selenium added to feed fish can improve the antioxidant of fish.capacity and immunity, improve growth performance.

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